Electrical load

 ( Electrical Circuits ) 

The term is used more broadly in electronics for a device connected to a signal source, whether or not it consumes power. If an electric circuit has an output port, a pair of terminals that produces an electrical signal, the circuit connected to this terminal (or its input impedance) is the load. For example, if a CD player is connected to an amplifier, the CD player is the source, and the amplifier is the load, and to continue the concept, if loudspeakers are connected to that amplifier, then that amplifier becomes a new, second source (to the loudspeakers), and the loudspeakers will be the load for the amplifier (but not for the CD player, there are two separate sources and two separate loads, chained together in series).

Load affects the performance of circuits with respect to output or currents, such as in , , and amplifiers. Mains power outlets provide an easy example: they supply power at constant voltage, with electrical appliances connected to the power circuit collectively making up the load. When a high-power appliance switches on, it dramatically reduces the load impedance.

The voltages will drop if the load impedance is not much higher than the power supply impedance. Therefore, switching on a heating appliance in a domestic environment may cause incandescent lights to dim noticeably.

With no load (open-circuited terminals), all of $V\_S$ falls across the output; the output voltage is $V\_S$. However, the circuit will behave differently if a load is added. Therefore, we would like to ignore the details of the load circuit, as we did for the power supply, and represent it as simply as possible. For example, if we use an Input impedance to represent the load, the complete circuit looks like this:

Whereas the voltage source by itself was an , adding the load makes a and allows charge to flow. This current places a voltage drop across $R\_S$, so the voltage at the output terminal is no longer $V\_S$. The output voltage can be determined by the voltage division rule:

$V\_\{OUT\}\; =\; V\_S\; \backslash cdot\; \backslash frac\{R\_\{L\}\}\{R\_\{L\}\; +\; R\_S\}$

If the source resistance is not negligibly small compared to the load impedance, the output voltage will fall.

This illustration uses simple resistances, but a similar discussion can be applied in alternating current circuits using resistive, capacitive, and inductive elements.

• Dummy load